1. Graphene Oxide (GO) in PCMs:
Easily dispersible, GO integrates well into organic and inorganic PCM matrices.
Key Benefits:

• Enhances thermal conductivity
• Improves shape stability during phase transitions
• Reduces thermal degradation and leakage

2. Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) in PCMs:
Offers better thermal and electrical conductivity for high-performance PCM systems.
Key Benefits:

• Faster charging/discharging of thermal energy
• Increased cycling stability
• Better heat distribution across materials​

3. Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) in PCMs:
Used as high surface area thermal conductivity enhancers.
Key Benefits:

• Boosts thermal response rate
• Improves energy density
• Maintains PCM integrity under repeated cycles

​Applications in PCMs and Batteries:

• Building-integrated thermal energy systems (PCMs)
• Smart textiles and electronics cooling (PCMs)
• Electric vehicle and portable electronics batteries
• Grid-level energy storage systems

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Overall Benefits:​

• Faster energy transfer (thermal or electrical)
• Improved energy storage capacity and longevity
• Enhanced safety and thermal stability
• Lighter, more efficient energy solutions